Sociology is a well-known and frequently chosen optional subject in UPSC CSE. Because of the nature of the syllabus and its significant overlap with GS Society, Essay, Ethics, and, to a lesser extent, other GS papers, it has the distinct quality of being a super subject.

• Optional Foundation is a 4-month comprehensive class that covers the entire UPSC Sociology syllabus through innovative teaching methods and the application of various approaches mentioned in the syllabus.

• The optional’s sheer utilitarian value aids not only in the overall enhancement of knowledge but also covers the majority of the UPSC Syllabus.

We bring to you a highly-comprehensive Sociology optional course prepared by a team of experts working tirelessly to cater to exam’s ever changing needs and to aid your process of becoming a humane civil servant.

All the lectures are delivered by the one and only Pankaj Shukla Sir who is also popularly known as “Guru of Sociology”, who is attempting to revolutionalise the online content by providing everyone with an affordable solution for Sociology optional.

• The course duration is four
• Coverage of the entire syllabus is complete and comprehensive.
• Updated study materials, as well as recent case studies Paper I and II are linked using an innovative methodology.
• Through daily assignments, you will learn the art of writing good answers.
• Paper II and Tribal India will be given special attention (which is rarely taught elsewhere).
• Discussion of questions from previous years as well as anticipated questions.
• Personalized mentoring

Paper 1

Sociology: The Discipline

• Modernity and social changes in Europe and the emergence of Sociology.
• Scope of the subject and comparison with other social sciences.
• Sociology and common sense.

Sociology as a Science

• Science, scientific method, and critique.
• Major theoretical strands of research methodology.
• Positivism and its critique.
• Fact value and objectivity.
• Non-positivist methodologies

Research Methods and Analysis

• Qualitative and quantitative methods.
• Techniques of data collection.
• Variables, sampling, hypothesis, reliability, and validity.

Sociological Thinkers

• Karl Marx – Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation, class struggle.
• Emile Durkheim – Division of labour, social fact, suicide, religion, and society.
• Max Weber – Social action, ideal types, authority, bureaucracy, the protestant ethic, and the spirit of capitalism.
• Talcott Parsons – Social system, pattern variables.
• Robert K. Merton – Latent and manifest functions, conformity and deviance, reference groups.
• Mead – Self and identity.

Stratification and Mobility

• Concepts – equality, inequality, hierarchy, exclusion, poverty, and deprivation.
• Theories of social stratification – Structural functionalist theory, Marxist theory, Weberian theory.
• Dimensions – Social stratification of class, status groups, gender, ethnicity, and race.
• Social mobility – open and closed systems, types of mobility, sources, and causes of mobility.

Works and Economic Life

• The social organization of work in different types of society – slave society, feudal society, industrial capitalist society.
• Formal and informal organization of work.
• Labour and society.

Politics and Society

• Sociological theories of power.
• Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.
• Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology.
• Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution.

Religion and Society

• Sociological theories of religion.
• Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.
• Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religious revivalism, fundamentalism.

Systems of Kinship

• Family, household, marriage.
• Types and forms of family.
• Lineage and descent.
• Patriarchy and sexual division of labour.
• Contemporary trends.

Social Change in Modern Society

• Sociological theories of social change.
• Development and dependency.
• Agents of social change.
• Education and social change.
• Science, technology, and social change.

Paper 2

 Introducing Indian Society

• Perspectives on the Study of Indian Society: Indology (G.S. Ghure); Structural functionalism (M. N. Srinivas); Marxist sociology (A. R. Desai).
• Impact of colonial rule on Indian society: Social background of Indian nationalism; Modernization of Indian tradition; Protests and movements during the colonial period; Social reforms.

Social Structure

• Rural and Agrarian Social Structure: The idea of Indian village and village studies; Agrarian social structure— evolution of land tenure system, land reforms.
• Caste System: Perspectives on the study of caste systems: G. S. Ghurye, M. N. Srinivas, Louis Dumont, Andre Beteille; Features of caste system; Untouchability-forms and perspectives
• Tribal Communities in India: Definitional problems; Geographical spread; Colonial policies and tribes; Issues of integration and autonomy.
• Social Classes in India: Agrarian class structure; Industrial class structure; Middle classes in India.
• Systems of Kinship in India: Lineage and descent in India; Types of kinship systems; Family and marriage in India; Household dimensions of the family; Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour.
• Religion and Society : Religious communities in India; Problems of religious minorities.

Social Changes in India

• Visions of Social Change in India: Idea of development planning and mixed economy; Constitution, law and social change; Education and social change.
• Rural and Agrarian Transformation in India: Programmes of rural development, Community Development Programme, cooperatives, poverty alleviation schemes; Green revolution and social change; Changing modes of production in Indian agriculture; Problems of rural labour, bondage, migration.
• Industrialization and Urbanisation in India: Evolution of modern industry in India; Growth of urban settlements in India; Working class: structure, growth, class mobilization; Informal sector, child labour; Slums and deprivation in urban areas.
• Politics and Society: Nation, democracy and citizenship; Political parties, pressure groups, social and political elite; Regionalism and decentralization of power; Secularization.
• Social Movements in Modern India: Peasants and farmers movements; Women’s movement; Backward classes & Dalit movements; Environmental movements; Ethnicity and Identity movements.
• Population Dynamics: Population size, growth, composition and distribution; Components of population growth: birth, death, migration; Population Policy and family planning; emerging issues: ageing, sex ratios, child and infant mortality, reproductive health.
• Challenges of Social Transformation: Crisis of development : displacement, environmental problems and sustainability; Poverty, deprivation and inequalities; Violence against women; Caste conflicts; Ethnic conflicts, communalism, religious revivalism; Illiteracy and disparities in education.